The output power of solar arrays is dependent on temperature and light intensity. solar arrays have low efficiency. To increase the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, the solar array maximum power point tracking is required. The exotic phenomena like clouds, on the solar arrays will provide partial shade in these conditions and voltage curve can be several local maximum points. Conventional methods because they tend to track the maximum power point of the local convergence are not appropriate in partial shade condition. So in this paper, a new method of the maximum power point tracking with the ability to track the global maximum power point is provided. The proposed method is implemented by the microcontroller STM32F407VGT6 and DC/DC buck converter. The circuits are presented to measure temperature and irradiation. Also a comparison between the proposed method and the method of P&O to verify the performance of the proposed method is done. The experimental and simulation results confirm the accuracy of the proposed method.

In recent year's renewable energy sources have become a useful alternative for the power generation. The power of photovoltaic is nonlinear function of its voltage and current. It is necessary to maintain the operation point of photovoltaic in order to get the maximum power point (MPP) in various solar intensity. Fuzzy logic controller has advantage in handling non-linear system. Maximum power point trackers are so important in photovoltaic systems to increase their efficiency.Many methods have been proposed to achieve the maximum power that the PV modules. This paper proposed an intelligent method for MPPT based on fuzzy logic controller. The system consists of a photovoltaic solar module connected to a DC-DC Boost converter and the fuzzy logic controller for controlling on/off time of MOSFET switch of a boost converter. The proposed MPPT controller for grid-connected photovoltaic system is tested using model designed by Matlab/Simulink program. Comparison of different performance parameters such as: tracking efficiency and response time of the system shows that the proposed method gives higher efficiency and better performance than the conventional perturbation and observation method.

Supplying the energy demanded by spacecraft and satellites is an ever-increasing need. As a result, it is an active field in developing space technologies. In addition to the commonly used rigid substrate solar arrays, flexible substrate and concentrator solar arrays are other available categories. This paper reviewed the developments and commercial technologies in each category. The flexible solar arrays, implemented in several spacecraft during the last two decades, have recently attracted attention in satellites. It seems that these arrays will replace rigid arrays in the near term due to their higher specific power and smaller stow volume than rigid arrays.

This paper presents existent model for solar silicon cell and introduces different parts of Hercules electrical system which proposed cell is used for generating a ratio of electrical energy for Hercules. Then, novel electrical energy distribution system based on solar cell will be presented. This model will contributed in generating aircraft start-up power and act as backup electrical system boosting flight reliability. Moreover, considering different values for cell parameters, effect of selecting appropriate model and parameter on solar array performance will be evaluated. Next, the result of temperature on proposed model will be assessed considering maximum output power and total generated power by solar arrays.

In this paper, the feasibility and performance of using solar arrays equipped with sun concentrators, along with other conventional solar array structures, in CubeSats, is investigated for the first time. For this purpose, seven different structures of solar arrays have been defined and implemented for more than 24 different CubeSat configurations from 0.25U to 27U. Then, by calculating important system-level parameters such as power generation density, power generation cost, reliability of solar arrays, and also a newly proposed parameter, called shape fit factor, the performance of these structures for the introduced configurations are evaluated and compared. To this end, and by considering rational coefficients, a cost function consisting of the four above-mentioned parameters is defined as the degree of merit of different solar array structures used in each CubeSat configuration. The results show that alongside the use of deployable solar arrays, using concentrating solar arrays can provide new capabilities for CubeSats to overcome the challenge of generating sufficient power.

Nowdays, Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted great interest due to their low cost, light weight, and flexibility. However, their efficiencies still need to be improved for many practical applications. The most conventional electrode for OSCs is indium tin oxide (ITO) which does not present high flexibility and robust mechanical properties. Additionally, this material is not appropriate for mass production due to the limited indium reserves. Here, we have proposed nanohole array-based plasmonic silver electrodes in order to design ITO-free OSCs. Numerical simulations based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method have been employed to minimize the reflectance of the OSC while increasing the photoactive layer absorption. The designed nanostructure is a great potential to realize large-area and flexible energy harvesting.

In this work, a lead-free double perovskite solar cell has been investigated and the effect of a periodic array of spherical Au nanoparticles coated with Silica (Au@SiO2) and Titania (Au@TiO2) nanorod has been studied and compared to the effect of bare Au nanoparticles. We propose a p-i-n perovskite solar cell with architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Cs2AgBiBr6/Tio2/Ag. In this study, three-dimensional Finite-difference Time-domain method utilizing FDTD module of Ansys-Lumerical software has been used and the wavelength range is from ultraviolet , 300nm to near-infrared (NIR), 1100 nm. The effect of these nanoparticles on light absorption, electric field intensity, short-circuit current density, generation rate, and current from the simulation device has been investigated. The results show that the effect of Au@TiO2 on the efficiency enhancement of solar cells is higher than other nanoparticles. In addition, the current from the simulation device increases by 17.8%, short-circuit current density is enhanced by 17.85% , and the maximum generation rate grows 100 times . This result is due to the plasmonic near-field of nanoparticles and light scattering from them. Moreover, the place of Au@SiO2 periodic array has been changed and the effect of nanoparticles’ location inside the perovskite layer has been investigated.

The array of a plug in hybrid solar assist electric tractor is designed and simulated by MA TLAB software before construction. The array consists of 15 solar panel s from which 5 are connected in series and 3 groups are connected in parallel The relation between input and output parameter s and effective en v iron mental factors are modeled by mathematical formula and Voltage-Current, Voltage -Power curves assessed in different conditions and for different parameters. Results showed that the evaluation diagrams are in good agreement with experimental values with acceptable accuracy with a s high as 97 % compared with the manufacturing company data. Finally, the designed algorithm was compared with that of Sandia National Laboratories Algorithm and good agreements were resulted as well. It is concluded that the simple developed model presented in this paper is comparable to the complicated model developed by Sandia algorithm and can safely be used instead.

Introduction: Colorectal Carcinoma is a main health problem in many countries and the third common cancer in Iran. This malignancy at present is the most curable carcinoma of gastrointestinal tract. Variation in the expression of the proteins produced by P53, P21, P16, E-cadherin, and β-catenin genes have been noted in this malignancy and may be important in the prognosis and therapeutic response rate. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency and pattern of expression of these proteins in tumoral and nontumoral colonic mucosa. The correlation with prognostic factors including tumor stage, grade, and vascular and perineural invasion was also determined. Material and Methods: The paraffin blocks from tumoral and nontumoral parts of the colon obtained from 58 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were studied along with 50 colectomic cases in individuals without malignancy. Cylindrical tissue fragments were obtained from appropriate parts of donor blocks by using a 2.5 mm punch biopsy instrument. Each 30 samples were manually arrayed in one tissue array block. Expression of above genes was investigated after sectioning the blocks and immunohistochemical staining of slides. Results: The expression of P53 in tumor cells was significantly more common than in colonic nontumor cells and colon of individuals without tumor (p<0.001); expression of this protein in tumoral tissues was directly related to vascular invasion (p=0.017). The expression frequency of P21 and P16 in tumor cells was less than nontumoral tissues of patients with cancer and patients without cancer (p<0.001). These two gene products showed no correlation with prognostic factors. The expression frequency of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin in tumor cells was not different from controls, while the membranous expression of E-cadherin was inversely related to cell differentiation (p=0.023) and vascular invasion (p=0.025). In addition, the membranous expression of β-catenin was inversely related to vascular invasion (p=0.049). Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of β-catenin in tumor cells were significantly higher than their expression in the controls (p<0.001). Cytoplasmic expression of this marker was inversely related to disease stage (p=0.013), while its nuclear expression was inversely related to cell differentiation (p=0.012).Conclusion: According to our data, it seems that we are able to predict aggressive capacity of the colorectal tumor by determining the frequency and pattern of expression of P53, E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins. These studies can be done simply on formalin-fixed small biopsy samples before surgery to provide valuable information for surgeons, gastroenterologists, and oncologists to choose the best therapeutic approach and predict the therapeutic response. Manual tissue array method is believed to be an economical technique for similar research projects.